The Mayans of Mesoamerica Essay - 742 Words

The Mayans of Mesoamerica nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The ancient Mayans were a very well developed society with a very accurate calendar, skilled architects, artisans, extensive traders and hunters. They are known to have developed medicine and astronomy as well. All of this was developed while the Europeans were still in the Dark Ages. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Their empire covered an area of roughly 400,000 to 500,000 square kilometers. This area included the present day countries of Belize, Guatemala, western Honduras and El Salvador, and also southern portions of Mexico. These lands have a very diverse terrain, from the mountainous highlands to the tropical lowlands. The wide range of geographical features meant that the†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Maya civilization can be divided into three main periods: Pre-Classic, Classic, and Post-Classic. Their greatest accomplishments most likely took place in the Classic period. This period occurred between 250 and 910AD. An extensive trade network was in place during this period that allowed the civilization to grow as large as sixty separate kingdoms. Other technological advances also took place during this time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;They developed their writing system, mathematics, astronomy, and calendars. Their study of astronomy allowed them to predict when there would be a solar or lunar eclipse. They also developed their calendar that is called the Long Count Calendar. The Long Count Calendar was not completely a Mayan creation because they inherited the basic form from the Toltec. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The mathematics developed by the Maya was a base 20 numbering system. This is similar to the base 10 system we use today. The Maya were able to do this using only three symbols, the dot, the bar, and a symbol for zero. The numbering system was written vertically instead of horizontally like the one we use today. The base level can be represented by 20^0, and each additional level increases the exponent by one. This is shown in the graphic below. The Mayan calendar has a starting date of 3113BC that is given the year 0. It used their base 20 numbering system to represent periods of time. ThereShow MoreRelatedThe Mayan Culture Of Mesoamerica1840 Words   |  8 PagesMesoamerica is the area in which the ancient Maya had lived, and is the area where modern Mayans are still reside. According to Coe, the Mayan geographic can range from Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Yucatan Peninsula, and the Mexican States of Chiapas and Tabasco (1966:17). Yet these areas are not limited to just Mayan. Many structural architecture remains today has proven the complexity of the Mayan culture in Mesoamerica. The Mayan history consisted of three main phases. The PreclassicRead MoreThe Conquistadors1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the Spanish, literally means conqueror. They were on a mission from Spain to settle Mesoamerica and spread Christianity, but most Conquistadors desired fortune and fame. First, Conquistadors were much more than Spanish settlers; some began aggressive expeditions in search of great wealth and status. Others were financed by Spain to find a water route to the East. Second, Conquistadors dominated Mesoamerica from Cuba to Mexico. They defeated and subjugated the Aztec Empire decimating hundredsRead MoreHow Bloodletting And Human Sacrifice1235 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant in the life of the Mayans. The bloodletting allows the ruler the ability to communicate with the Gods and their ancestors. While the human sacrifice is connected to the continuation of the cosmos and the resurrection of the agricultural seasons. A summary and a discussion of the book Popol Vu h is presented, on the topic of reassurance theme of human sacrifice is addressed in this paper. The examination of how bloodletting and human sacrifice is crucial to the Mayan culture, and how these ritualsRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Mayan Civilizations733 Words   |  3 Pagesrole in history today. The Maya empire was highly skilled at building and architecture. They also were the only empire in mesoamerica to develop a complete writing system. The Maya were also highly skilled at agriculture and farming. The Maya were by far the most advanced and smart civilization. The Maya empire was very precise and exact when it came to architecture. Mayans built their cities with all of the important buildings in the middle such as palaces and temples. The homes and other smallRead MoreMesoamerica And The Great Complex Of Indigenous Cultures1456 Words   |  6 Pages Mesoamerica the great complex of indigenous cultures. The time period in which made I pretty big dent in history, the time period from 300BC until the 1500’s. 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The development of agricultureRead MoreEssay on Religious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan Society1211 Words   |  5 PagesReligious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan Society When Spaniards first set foot on Mesoamerican shores in the early sixteenth century, they encountered not the godless mass of natives they believed they found, but a people whose rich spiritual traditions shaped and sustained them for thousands of years. These diverse spiritual practices legitimized nearly every aspect of Mesoamerican daily life, from science and architecture to art and politics (Carmack 295), in many of the same waysRead MoreThe Mayan Civilization And The Maya Empire1677 Words   |  7 Pages The Mayan civilization or the Maya Empire, centered in the tropical lowlands of what is now Guatemala, reached the peak of its power and influence around the sixth century A.D. The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork. Most of the great stone cities of the Maya were abandoned by A.D. 900. The Maya civilization was one of the most dominan t indigenous societiesRead More The Maya Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pages The Maya were a dominating society of Mesoamerica, rich in culture, community, and art. While life may not be completely interpretable yet, much in known about how these societies were constructed, and how their religion dominated their lives. Much is generally made of their massive stonework, their ceremonial complexes, and ritual sacrifices, but their small jade, ceramic, and stone sculpture deserves as much attention as the works of much larger size have received. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreChristianity And The New Germanic Kingdoms1371 Words   |  6 Pagesrespects to nature and or games. This is especially true with the Mayans from Mesoamerica. The artifacts were made of stone, jade, and other ceramic materials. Jade was an expensive material that was valued by the Mayans. They would make jewelry out of it, and only the elite would wear it. The green would also symbolize nature. This trend of making things from nature carried to North America, Mesoamerica, and South America. A large portion of jewelry found in Constantinople

Essay on nutrition and health - 2087 Words

Part 1: Understand how diet is linked to health 1. Define what is meant by the term ‘healthy diet’. A healthy diet is something that covers all of your body’s needs, and ensures that your body gets all the nutrients that it requires to stay healthy in day to day life. The things that you require will vary depending on a number of different factors including age, gender and activity levels. 2. Describe why the healthy diets of adults and children may be different. Provide at least three examples of these differences. A healthy adult diet provides everything that the body needs to stay fit and healthy A healthy children’s diet is a diet that provides everything that they need to stay fit and healthy as well as grow†¦show more content†¦8. Why is it important to control your salt intake? It is important to control your salt intake in order to reduce the risk of health problems, ie. Blood pressure, heart disease or stroke Once you have completed this Part of your Assessment, save the work you have done so far – you will need to send your work to your tutor for marking when you have completed all four Parts of this Assessment. Part 2: Understand the components of a healthy diet 1. Complete the table below with information on the five food groups. †¢ In the left-hand column, list the five food groups. †¢ In the right-hand column, provide at least two examples of foods belonging to each of the five food groups. Food groups Examples 1. Fruit and vegetables Apple, spinach 2. Protein and meat Fish, poultry 3. milk and dairy foods Cheese, yogurt 4. carbohydrate Pasta, cereals 5. fats and sugars Biscuit, chocolate 2. Describe at least two examples of current healthy eating advice. One of the Healthy eating habits is that we should eat lots of fruit and vegetables As science has proven that people who do this are at lower risk of heart disease, strokes and even cancers. We should cut down on sugar as this can lead to weight gain. Excess weight gain can lead to obesity and increased risks of diseases including Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers. As sugar is found naturally in lots of foods, but it is alsoShow MoreRelatedHealth Of Health And Nutrition1646 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause they haven’t learned the basic steps of maintaining their health. Lack of health management it a big part in deaths today. Health and nutrition is a serious matter among peoples health. Being able to understand and maintain is a big problem now for teens and kids, choosing on the right foods or activities to keep everything in track. Health and nutrition can also have a great effect on their social life. Health and nutrition is a important thing to keep up with. People who don’t controlRead MoreHealth Of Health And Nutrition1654 Words   |  7 Pagesbasic steps of maintaining their health. Lack of health management it a big part in deaths today. 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Weber’s social psychology and tonnies gemeinschaft Free Essays

Weber was one of the first modern thinkers who attempted to evolve a rational perspective in understanding social phenomenon. He perpetually fostered the theory of objectivity in all human action. Thus he often states that in all sciences where human action is involved it is essential that those occurrences which are without subjective meaning should be given priority. We will write a custom essay sample on Weber’s social psychology and tonnies gemeinschaft or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Weber, 1994). He frequently contended that without the basic form of a thing, its physical quantity, it had literally no meaning. He emphasized that from birth to mortality it is facts that dictated human action. Weber went to the extent of indicating that even those facts which were psycho physical or social including reactions of individuals should be understood by taking into account the data within. Thus while Weber disavowed the use of psychological methods in society, there is an implicit social psychology in Weber’s work.   This is evident through an in depth analysis of his works which indicate many hints of social psychology implicit in the subjective understanding of phenomenon, in the functioning of public bodies and the concept of charisma. The first indication of the same is his distinguishing understanding of observable and non observable phenomenon. While understanding of observable phenomenon is easier, he indicates that there is another type of recognition that is explanatory in nature. This comprises of actions and emotions that are displayed by individuals in society over incidents which cause rage, joy, jealousy, pride and so on, in which the motives are not rationally explainable and for which a subjective meaning for the action may have to be sought as an intended meaning. Thus for correct interpretation of an event or a fact he denotes that it is essential to understand the covert motive behind that act or event and link one to the other. The motive is the subjective part of the meaning which can be found not just in the factual display but would be in the psycho social content of the message that each is attempting to convey. The social psychological context of Weber’s views is further crystallized when he explains the functioning of public bodies. These need to be treated as individuals when they are performing normal cognitive purposes such as juristic and should have the same rights and duties. In subjective interpretation these are considered as sociological formations, the resultants of collectivities arising from constructs from other disciplines. (Weber, 2005). Thus these organizations become the epitome of social action of individual persons in collectivity and the psychological influence cannot be undermined in their actions. The final interpretation of the impact of psychology on sociology in the works of Weber is found in his concept of charisma, which he states as psychic contagion and creates a number of social processes which are understood only in terms of subjectivities in small fragments of transfer from biological interpretation. This is a minor concession that Weber attempts to make towards accepting non scientific phenomenon as a basis for understanding human social behavior. Toennies considered that change is an intrinsic part of human nature. Change comes from the two facets of human nature one that is dialectical and the other that is contradictory. Thus human evolution as per Toennies has passed through various stages of individualistic and communal feelings which are shared with others. Individualistic strain is stronger in trade and politics and is the lowest in science. These are the concepts of evolution aptly summarized in two German words of gemeinschaft and gesellschaft.   (Toennies, 1954). Toennies society evolved from a social context in which human beings were enemies of each other and extensive law was essential to preserve order. Gradually communal life gained primacy and order overcome anarchy. However Tonnies indicates that this order in turn led more people to come together with the aim of gaining prosperity which is again as per him a sign of the class struggle which destroys society that is being transformed. Thus the cycle seems to continue interminably. The essence of Tonnies process of evolution of Western civilization lay in the two phases of being communal to being associative. The Gemeinschaft or communal in German was characterized by geographically isolated communes where all members virtually appeared to of the same stock, lived by tradition and maintained consanguine ties within the families. Labor was cast on pre industrial mode without any division and there was greater emphasis on primary relationships based on the importance of status and a respect for sacredness. This phase lasted till the entry into the industrial age when from small commune’s mass heterogeneous groupings of people emerged. This was the associative or Gesellschaft mode of social living.  Ã‚   There was greater geographic mobility as more and more people mixed with each other, tradition declined and heterogeneous relationships developed. Conjugal ties were greatly emphasized during this period and there was a division of labor. Status was not bestowed on people due to birth but due to their own achievements. There was greater dependence on secondary relationships and building a secular society. These two stages in which human societies evolved are indicative of the industrial and the post industrial World. Toennies theme was further elaborated by Emile Durkheim who indicated how forms of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft emerged. The homogeneity and lack of division of labor were attributed to the pre industrial society. The cohesiveness of tribalism to Tonnies was a mechanistic mode of congruity. Collective conscience and representations through means such as common flag were another form of community feeling and provide indication how it developed over the years. However as society grew, an heterogeneous sense of bonding developed into what Tonnies has described as the Gesellschaft in which more and more relationships were secondary and impersonal. In some forms slavery and feudalism is a part of the community that existed in the pre industrial age and was only eliminated after the industrial age came to dominate the human activity spectrum. The industrial capitalist society also greatly revolutionized social conditions as the capitalist forces attempted to expand beyond their boundaries in search of trade so did the assimilative values were transferred between different societies which mingled with each other. Reference: 1.Toennies, F. (1957) Community and Society. East Lansing, MI. 2.Weber, Max. (1999). Sociological Writings. Edited by Wolf Heydebrand, published in 1994 by Continuum. Transcribed: by Andy Blunden in 1998, proofed and corrected 1999. 3.– (2005). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. 1905. Translated by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Talcott Parsons and Anthony Giddens. London : Unwin Hyman.       How to cite Weber’s social psychology and tonnies gemeinschaft, Essay examples