Essay on The Problem of Police Corruption - 951 Words

Illinois and most notably Chicago are best known for their corrupt public officials. From the days of Cermak and the Daley political machine, corruption has become second nature to these â€Å"public servants†. From rigging elections to accepting ‘dirty’ donations to the alderman’s campaigns, corruption can be found from the very top of the political layer, down to the lowest government position. Those involved in the corruption have benefited greatly from their dirty deeds. Public residents aren’t directly aware of this corruption since they aren’t public officials, but most can attest to corruption when it involves the local police officers and the exploitation of the public. Although corruption has a basic generic definition, it is†¦show more content†¦Dr. Hollist is a professor at the University of Montana and teaches criminology and other sociology courses. In regards to the progression of corruption, Dr. Hollist has documented that â€Å"Scholars have argued that there is a progression into serious corruption and they have identified two Types of corrupt officers. Grass Eaters [depict] a corrupt officer who passively accepts gratuities. Meat Eaters [depict] a corrupt officer who aggressively solicits bribes.† (Hollist). Hollist is examining a small scope of the nature of police corruption. In addition to Hollist’s identification of corrupt officers, Lawrence Sherman in his book, An Introduction to Policing, â€Å"There are three general categories or levels of corruption within police departments (Lawrence Sherman, as cited in Dempsey and Forst 2005, 299). The first level is†the rotten apples and rotten pockets† theory of police corruption, which holds that only one officer or a very small group of officers in a department or precinct, is corrupt. With this theory, because there is no widespread corruption within the police department, the organization might not do anything to combat these corruption acts. The second level of corruption that occurs in departments is known as†pervasive, unorganized corruption† (Dempsey and Forst 2005, 299). With this form ofShow MoreRelatedPolice Corruption Has Become A Major Problem1473 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, polic e corruption has become a major problem in the United States. It is defined as a form of police misconduct that involves the act of either a single officer, or a group of officers who abuse their powers to achieve personal or departmental gains. From as early as the nineteenth century, corruption has not only affected law enforcement agencies, but also our continuously changing society. Even though police officers are predominantly seen as honest and professional, the fewRead MoreEssay about The Problem of Police Corruption1190 Words   |  5 Pages Police corruption is legally, morally, and ethically wrong. The art of corruption has existed from the beginning of policing to the present day. Investigations have uncovered several acts of dishonesty and crime ranging from petty theft to murder. To help combat corruption the government creates commissions such as the Knapp and Wickersham Commission to investigate allegations of corruption. If acts of corruption are found and substantiated the commission takes criminal action against theRead MoreThe Corruption Of Police Corruption1484 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning police officers, police corruption has become a major topic. Police officers seem to be making more questionable and unethical decisions according to the media. 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Genetically Modified Foods Their Benefits and Drawbacks Free Essays

Dear Senator Cornyn, As a United States Senator representing the state of Texas, you know that representing the best interests of your constituents is a full time job. Perhaps one of the most important items in the lives of Texans is how and where their supply of food is produced. While normal agricultural techniques do provide many of the food in the market today, genetically modified foods, or GM foods are quickly becoming an integral part of America’s food system. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Foods: Their Benefits and Drawbacks or any similar topic only for you Order Now This letter is being submitted to offer you a brief summary of what genetically modified foods are, their benefits, and their drawbacks. It is our hope that you will use this information to make informed decisions concerning this controversial subject. Specifically speaking, genetic modification is a special set of technologies that alter genetic makeup of organisms such as animals, plants, or bacteria. It is a form of biotechnology in which specific gene sequences are inserted into a specific plant or animal so that the trait exhibited by the gene is manifested in the plant or animal. By allowing specific genes to be re-combined, the value of the recipient organism can be greatly increased. The potential risks attributed to such a genetically engineered crop can also be increased. Based on the available information, there are quite a number of tangible benefits to genetically modified plants. Crops can be genetically engineered to be more resistant to pests, either plant or animal. By making such plants as corn, soybeans or even alfalfa more resistant, the resultant crop yields are larger, and the need for environmentally dangerous pesticides or herbicides are decreased greatly. Other crops, such as rice, have been genetically modified to include iron and Vitamin A to increase their health benefits. There are some risks involved with using genetically modified crops. One of the most far reaching is the possibility of the genetically modified foods harming other organisms. A recent study of Cornell University indicated that a gene for a bacterial toxin inserted into corn was poisonous to monarch butterfly larvae. It is a prime example of the far reaching affects of such alteration in the food system. Another risk inherent in this type of modification is uncontrolled cross-pollination. Once a modified gene is placed within a plant, it is extremely difficult to prevent it spreading to the rest of the crop. There is a strong possibility of a once desirable modification becoming an undesirable trait in another plant. Finally, the modified plants that have an increased resistance to pests and weeds can in time promote the evolution of more resilient weeds and pests through cross breeding or selective evolution. At the time, no medical harm to humans has been traced to ingesting genetically modified foods. It should be remembered, that is not the same as proving that genetically modified organisms pose no potential dangers. It is our hope that this letter will provide you with a very brief overview of the many benefits and potential drawbacks of genetically modified foods. Please feel free to contact us or other industry experts if you require further or more detailed information. How to cite Genetically Modified Foods: Their Benefits and Drawbacks, Papers

Andrew and Bob-Case-Study-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Explain what are conditions, warranties and innominate terms of a contract and the remedies an innocent party can have if each of such terms was breached. Please support your answer with relevant case law. 2.Discuss all factors before coming to a conclusion. You should also include cases and relevant statutory provisions in your answer. Answers: 1.A key part of any contract is the terms of the contract, as these terms give rise to the legal rights and duties for the contracting parties. The contractual terms could take the form of conditions, warranties, or can be innominate terms (Mau, 2010). A condition is defined as an important terms of the contract, which is at the base of the drawn contract. In case of a breach of condition, the aggrieved party has the choice of getting the contract repudiated and simultaneously claim damages for the same (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). A leading example of this is the case of Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410, in which a contract was formed for performance as opera singer for three months by Poussard. However, due to her becoming sick 5 days before the opening night, she was unable to perform for the first 4 nights and consequently had to be replaced. The court held that the condition had been breached by Poussard which allowed Spiers to end the contract (Latimer, 2012). Warranties are deemed as the minor terms of contract which do not form a fundamental part for the contracts existence. Where a warranty is contravened, the aggrieved party has the option of claiming damages; however, unlike condition, the contract cannot be ended (Bonell, 2009). In Bettini v Gye (1876) QBD 183, there had been a contract by Bettini to perform as an opera singer for 3 months. Due to his ill health, he missed six days of rehearsals and he was sacked as a result of it. It was held that Bettini breached warranty and so the contract could not be ended since rehearsals were not fundamental to the contract (Latimer, 2012). The concept of innominate terms was given in the case of Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26. As per this approach, instead of classifying the terms as warranties or conditions, the effect of breach has to be looked at and the questions regarding the aggrieved party having been deprived of the entire benefit of the contract in a substantial manner has to be looked at. The contract would be deemed at an end only when the aggrieved person had been substantially deprived of the entire contractual benefit (McKendrick and Liu, 2015). In the quoted case, a ship had been chartered to the defendant for 2 years. Covered in this agreement was a term that the ship would be seaworthy across the hire period. The troubles were raised when the engine of the ship, along with its engine crew proved to be inept. Consequently, the ship was out of service for a period of five week at first instance and fifteen weeks at later instance. This was deemed as a breach of condition by the defendant and they ended the contract. The plaintiff raised a claim of wrongful repudiation stating the seaworthiness was not the contracts condition. The Court of Appeal held that the defendant had indeed wrongfully repudiated the contract and with this was the innominate term approach introduced. The court stated that twenty weeks out of two year contract period did not result in substantial deprivation to the defendant of the entire benefit and so, the defendant did not have the right to repudiate the contract (Roach, 2016). 2.Issue In the given case study, it is not disputed that Andrew and Bob were injured while they were at a concert organized by the defendants, i.e., NIS and promoters. The issue here relates to whether Andrew and Bob can sue NIS or the promoters of the event for their injuries, due to applicability of exclusion clause or not? Rule An important part of any contract is the exclusion clause. Exclusion clause is such a contractual clause which results in the restriction or limitation on the liability arising for the contractual party. So, the exclusion clause can restrict the liability of a person arising due to breach of contract, negligence and the like. For the validity of any exclusion clause, there is a need for the said exclusion clause to have been included in the contract properly. The exclusion clause cannot limit the application of any statute or statutory instrument, and where an attempt is made to do so, it would be invalid (Treitel and Peel, 2015). It is crucial that the exclusion clause is brought to the notice of the party against which the same is included, particularly when the same is referred elsewhere. In Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. (1971) 1 All ER 686, the plaintiff got injured due to the negligence of the defendant. The plaintiff had been given a ticket for entering into the part and the backside of this ticket covered the exclusion clause. When the matter reached the court, they stated that this exclusion clause was not valid in this case due to the improper incorporation of the same into the contract (Poole, 2016). In Olley v Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532, a hotel was booked by the plaintiff. The contract had been formed at the reception desk and the exclusion clause was never mentioned. In the room of the hotel, the backside of the door covered the notice for excluding the liability for lost, damaged or stolen property, over the hotel proprietors. The fur coat of the plaintiff was stolen and the matter reached court. The court held that the notice would not be deemed as effective, as the contract had been made before the plaintiff saw the notice and did not form a part of the contract (Stone and Devenney, 2017). However, there is reasonableness with regards to bringing the clause to the attention of the parties. In Thompson v London, Midland and Scotland Railway Co [1930] 1 KB 41, the court held that the display of prominent notice on platforms was enough to deem the exclusion clause as been properly incorporated. The only thing was to take the reasonable step in bringing the exclusion clause to the notice of a rationale party. And there was not a duty of ensuring that every traveller was aware of this clause. Hence, the plaintiff failed in claiming damages from the defendant (Mulcahy, 2008). Application The case study given here shows that the exclusion clause was covered at the backside of the ticket when Andrew and Bob purchased the ticket. This is similar to what happened in Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, In Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. (1971) 1 All ER 686, the plaintiff got injured due to the negligence of the defendant. The plaintiff had been given a ticket for entering into the part and the backside of this ticket covered the exclusion clause. In the opinion of the court this exclusion clause was not valid in this case due to the improper incorporation of the same into the contract. For the poster at the side of the counter, Olley v Marlborough Court would make it invalid as the defendants did not bring it to the notice of the party. However, the applicability of Thompson v London, Midland and Scotland Railway Co would make it valid as this exclusion clause was brought to the notice of a rationale party. The choice of Andrew to not read it cannot be blamed on the defendants. Conclusion Thus, on the basis of this discussion, it can be concluded that the exclusion clause was valid and Andrew and Bob would fail in their claim against the defendants for their injuries, due to applicability of exclusion clause. References Bonell, M.J. (2009) An International Restatement of Contract Law:The Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts. 3rd ed. New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc. Clarke, P., and Clarke, J (2016) Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Mau, S.D. (2010) Contract Law in Hong Kong: An Introductory Guide. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. McKendrick, E., and Liu, Q. (2015) Contract Law: Australian Edition. London: Palgrave. Mulcahy, L. (2008) Contract Law in Perspective. 5th ed. Oxon: Routledge. Poole, J. (2016) Textbook on Contract Law. 13th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Roach, L. (2016) Card and James' Business Law. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stone, R., and Devenney, J. (2017) The Modern Law of Contract. 12th ed. Oxon: Routledge. Treitel, G H., and Peel, E. (2015) The Law of Contract. 14th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.